Rumors Of The Cold War - 1154 Words

Rumors can affect you in many ways. They can ruin your name, you can lose your job, and you can even lose friends. When the Cold War started between the Soviet Union and the United States, people in the U.S. were being accused of being communists. There was a national â€Å"witch hunt† for people who were suspected of being communists which was called the Red Scare. For example, many people were suspected of being communists and there were many warrants issued for the suspected communists. Encyclopedia Britannica states, â€Å"But many of those people were only guilty of having a foreign accent† (Encyclopedia Britannica). This quote shows that the rumor of communists in the U.S. had people on edge and that officials were arresting people just†¦show more content†¦To end with, the rumors of the girls being in the woods with Tituba, John Proctor being a witch, and Rebecca Nurse being a witch had many affects. The first rumor that had an effect was the rumor of th e girls being in the woods with Tituba. At the beginning of the story, Tituba was seen with all of the girls in the woods. Parris said that they were doing weird things and everybody thinks it’s witchcraft. Abigail told Parris, â€Å"Uncle, the rumor of witchcraft is all about†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (I,i, 76-79). When the word got out of what happened in the woods, the townspeople believed it and they were curious to learn more details. This rumor about witchcraft was the beginning of a troubled time and officially started The Salem Witch Trials. When the trials started, Tituba was accused of having dealings with the Devil by the court. To attempt to get out of trouble, she started telling the court who she â€Å"saw† with the devil. Tituba told the court that, â€Å"Aye, sir, and Goody Osburn† ( I,i, 1347,1348). Since Tituba decided to start this rumor about Goody Osburn, it would cause another innocent person to be accused of something she did not do. It would also s tart a long line of additional rumors to arise. That is the effect of the rumor of the girls being in the woods with Tituba. The second rumor that had an effect was John Proctor being a witch. Towards the end of the trials, all of the rumors and liesShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The War1498 Words   |  6 PagesConfederates enter the war with a belief that would also sustain them during war years and ultimately shape the south after the war, a durable belief in their invincibility. Even after major turning points of the war, diehard Rebels continued to express a resilient belief in their invincibility. They were unconquerable and they truly stuck it about because they expected to win. Their ethos; beliefs of being highly favored children of God, attitudes of invincibility (homegrown and those spreadRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1620 Words   |  7 PagesPsycohlogy of Rumor.† In this he uses rumors circulating during World War II to both define and explain his theories on rumors. He defines a rumor as â€Å"A Proposition for belief of topical reference disseminated without official verification,† and claims of three psychological reasons to rumors existence. The first reason he found was people believing in a â€Å"pipe dream.† This is when a rumor brings joy or endearment to those who spread it. The second reason is a belief in a â€Å"bogie rumor.† This is whenRead MoreThe Snowflake And The Short Story Of The Story1277 Words   |  6 Pagespleasant. Many included war, murder and some stories described his ice cold personality. Morphes still never questioned his father the one day that he met him. The villagers may have outcasted his father, but Morphes still believed he was a good man. Since his father was a God, Morphes had only had one encounter with him. That one meeting was rather pleasant; therefore, Morphes believed that all the rumors about his father were false. Based on the stories, living in the c old and ice for years andRead MoreIs Ronald Reagan Under or Overrated as a President? Essay675 Words   |  3 PagesSenator Barry Goldwater. The Cold War began in the mid 1940’s between the United States and the Soviet Union at the end of the Second World War. The Cold War was clearly marked between two former World War II allies. As the Cold War continued there were many self-serving propaganda. When John F. Kennedy was elected to the presidency in 1960, crises between USSR and the Cuban erupted. With the pressure of the Cold War and the rise of tension between the World War II allies, President Ronald ReaganRead MoreThe Vietnam War Remained An Existential Crisis984 Words   |  4 Pages As the Vietnam War remained an existential crisis for the anti-communist agenda of the United States, President Johnson had to make crucial decisions regarding whether to continue intervening in the war or to withdraw the troops already deployed. Several debates among government advisors occurred in July of 1965 regarding differing strategies for plans of action. Although some advisors were against deploying more troops, such as George Ball who believed in a â€Å"compromise solution,† to â€Å"cut our lossesRead MorePatrice Lumumba And The Congo Crisis1166 Words   |  5 PagesIn June of 1960, at the height of the Cold War, Congo received its independence from King Leopold II’s Belgium. Patrice Lumumba, the first Prime Minister of Congo, was instrumental in the Congolese bid for independence, and played a similar role in the early stages of postcolonial Congo, known as the â€Å"Congo Crisis†. In the new Congolese nation, Lumumba was faced with the challenge of unifying a large African nation with difficulties arising from Cold war influences and geopolitical tensions. AsRead MoreBruce Springsteen Is Known For His Genuine And Relatable1130 Words   |  5 Pagespatterns are also present within â€Å"Leaving The Cold.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Born In The U.S.A.,† published in 1984, was aimed at drawing more attention to the average veteran. Springsteen constructs a story about a Vietnam veteran who returns home with nothing but the scarring experiences of the war. He brings attention to the fact that men are drafted into the war and put into a terrifying environment; they return home to a country that has seemingly abandoned them. â€Å"Leaving The Cold,† which has an estimated publication dateRead MoreThe Russian Revolution Of Russia981 Words   |  4 Pagesruler. In the following days a rumor spread that Alexis Romanoff had died of exposure after his father s death, the russian government denied this claiming that â€Å"The family of Nicholas Romanoff is safe in a Siberian monastery in Abalak.† Unfortunately, these claims and announcements the Russian government gave about the ex-Czar’s family were false propaganda. His entire family was shot and killed along with him and buried out in the wilderness where they died. Rumors spread for years after the eventRead MoreThe United States And Japan s Involvement1687 Words   |  7 Pagesseries of devastating effects that changed Japan and the world forever. In the early 1940s, Hitler and the Nazis were trying to take over the world as they waged war across Europe. While Hitler had the world’s attention, a series of events was unfolding to set the scene for some of the biggest events in History. Japan had declared war on China in an attempt to increase its territory and it’s trade market. Although the US had stayed neutral for about 2 years, in a response to Japan’s aggressionsRead MoreThe Cold War And The War Era1687 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War era was an infamous time in United States history. The stand-off between the USSR and the US lasted nearly forty-five years, and began shortly after World War II had ended. Even though the USSR and the US had been Allied Powers during the war, Stalin’s ruling of his country frightened the United States, and the US’s late entry in the war caused Russian resentment. The tension the Cold War caused terrified everyone and pressured the United States governm ent to start preparing for desperate

Separation Of Powers, Federalism, And But The Bill Of Rights

Introduction: The United States’ can trace its famous two party system back to the federalist and Antifederalist parties. Although ideas from each side often clash, our government has key features that trace back to this great debate. Separation of powers, federalism, and even the Bill of Rights are rooted in compromise between Federalist and Antifederalist ideas. Arguably the most important of these is the principle of separation of powers. This principle is observed in the three branches of the national and state government we have today, and the checks and balances system that each must uphold. Federalist Visions: The Federalist Party was made up of property owners, creditors, and merchants; the wealthiest of society. Members of this†¦show more content†¦The United States had just broken away from a monarchy and Antifederalists wanted nothing of the sort to happen in the new country. Having a small group of elites represent the entire people sounded a lot like what they had left when breaking away from England. Moreover, they believed that states should hold the most power, but the national government should back basic rights while leaving other decisions to each state. They gave very little support to the ratification of the constitution, but were more in favor of the Articles of Confederation. However, their resolve came with the Bill of Rights, which gave the antifederalists the basic freedoms they wanted. Today, the Antifederalist ideas are present in Republican, Libertarian, and the Tea Party’s core foundations. Separation of Powers: In the wake of compromises that came from debates between the Federalists and Antifederalists, one of the most important institutional features that has carried on into today’s American Government was created. The separation of powers can be defined as, â€Å"the system through which each branch of government, can govern over the others by checks and balances.† One of the most obvious places this institutional feature can be observed is within our three branches of government. The Federalists favored central, powerful government, but the Antifederalists feared the concentration of power. The three branches of government, and the systemShow MoreRelatedFederalism, Separation Of Powers, Checks And Balances And The Bill Of Rights1208 Words   |  5 Pages Federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances and the bill of rights are the four main elements that the constitution is made up of. All four of these elements are what made the constitution strong, lasting over two hundred years. Three separate branches were created that had their own specific powers. The government was then given the power to tax and enforce its laws. The structure of how this one document has governed is what makes the constitution unique. The U.S. constitution establishedRead MoreWhy Did the Founding Fathers Create a Constitution Based on the Ideas of Separation of Powers, Checks and Balances, Federalism and the Bill of Rights?1533 Words   |  7 Pageson the ideas of separation of powers, checks and balances, federalism and the bill of rights? The founding fathers wanted to create a constitution because many believed that the national government had to be stronger than what it had been with the use of the Articles of Confederation. But at the same time they were fearful of human nature and how often it could be seen in the history of other countries such as Britain, for people in the position of power to infringe on the rights of others, by becomingRead MoreFederalism Vs. Judicial Review899 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual rights, federalism is not one of the first thoughts that come to mind. In fact federalism played a huge role in the start of individual rights. Along with federalism, judicial review was one of the initial startups of individual rights with Supreme Court cases that will be later mentioned. Federalism and judicial review paved the way for the start up and stability of individual rights. Before the analysis of how federalism and judicial review plays a part in individual rights, one mustRead MoreThe Politics Of State And Communities886 Words   |  4 Pageswould cause controversy throughout the country. (Baltimore Sun; Tanfani, Joseph; 2015 February) This program was to prevent illegal immigrants from being punished and deported. There are millions of illegal immigrants within in the United States. Federalism plays a major role in the policies of immigration. â€Å"The decision of the federal government affects states and communities†. (Dye pg. 13) If federal immigration laws are not enforced, than the state level immigration laws could be enforced. StateRead MoreAbortion: The Impact of Federalism and the Separation of Power1227 Words   |  5 Pagesbetter not to see them being made.† The arduous process that a bill undergoes in order to become a law may seem grueling and pointless; however, the processes high caliber of difficulty allows for the extreme prestige and exclusivity of bills that are passed. Because the process is so exhausting, and filibusters, subsequently requiring a super-majority vote to pass a bill, have always been such a threat in Congress, historically, bills that attempt to reform sensitive issues have not fared well inRead MoreEssay on The Genius of the American Constitution 1094 Words   |  5 Pagesand even lacked a court system. One m ajor weakness of the central government was that they could not tax the states and this lead to an uneven distribution of power, and the states became overwhelmingly powerful. The challenge was to write a new constitution that was strong enough to hold the country and states together, secure the rights of the people, and not allow a single person, or a group of people to become tyrants. So when the fifty five representatives meet in Philadelphia during May ofRead MoreDemocracy Is The Worst Form Of Government Essay834 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Constitution. Political scientists cite a number of different reasons for the success of the US Constitution; the Bill of Rights, separation of powers, and a bicameral legislature with representation based on population and equality all the top their lists. One concept often overlooked, however, is federalism. Defined, federalism is a type of government that divides powers between two equal entities, the national and regional government ( Clark, 2015). From the beginning of our country, AmericansRead MoreDual Federalism And Cooperative Federalism1280 Words   |  6 Pagesstages of federalism – dual federalism, cooperative federalism, and regulated federalism. Dual Federalism was the form of government used from 1789 to 1937 where fundamental governmental powers were shared between the state and federal governments, with the states having the most important powers. Cooperative Federalism existed during the New Deal era, in which grants-in-aid have been used strategically to encourage states to pursue nationally defined goals. The last one, regulated federalism, is aRead MoreGuatemala And United States Government Systems Essay1032 Words   |  5 Pagesthe people and the government to ensure that individual liberties continue to prosper under a free society. The Declaration of Independence lists three important rights that the Founding Fathers considered natural and unalienable. They are the right to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. Government exists to protect these rights. On other hand, the purpose of Guatemala’s government, according to the Guatemala’s Constitution, is to promote the common welfare, the consoli dation of the regimeRead MoreEssay on We the People688 Words   |  3 Pagespreventing the abuse or misuse of government power. Explain how these provisions work in our system of government today. The fundamental characteristics of a constitutional government contain of a written document which establishes the rules, rights, and principles of the government. These characteristics are the establishment of individual rights, federalism, higher law, separation of powers, and checks and balances. The establishment of all these rules, rights, and principles are all an important feature

Natural disasters Free Essays

December 28th 1908 barely three days after Christmas, the Messing earthquake would rock and forever change Italy. The earthquake registered a 7. 2 on the Richter scale. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural disasters or any similar topic only for you Order Now This by far has been one of the deadliest earthquakes In Europe, and for obvious reasons Is recorded as one of the most destructive. Given Italy’s history of earthquakes, it’s said to be one of the most prone areas In Europe. During that last 2,000 years, more than 400 destructive earthquakes have been documented in Italy and seismic activity varies considerably across the country due o the complex tectonics of the Lead’s). The fact that Italy sits on top of the plate boundary off the African Continental plate, leaves those to believe this was a true cause of the devastating earthquake. The plate Italy is sitting on is actually to this day continuing to push against the ocean floor and causing vertical displacement, in return causing earthquakes. The current population of Messing is somewhere around 242,000. At the time of the devastating earthquake the population was around 180,000. The earthquake claimed the lives of over 123,000 people that day and left over 59,000 homeless. A estimation of population for 2050 would be In the area of 279,000. The fact that after the earthquake hit and last for a duration of about seconds, a 12 meter tsunami struck the nearby coastlines which added to the destruction already experienced by Messing. The amount of debris and rubble left behind almost totally engulfed the area. There was no power or running water which as a result required evacuation processes to start. The fact that much of the city was unable to survive in these conditions lead to relief efforts from other countries. Russian sailors stepped in and ultimately some cost their lives due to the aftershocks which buried them amongst the rubble. The British sent two battleships and five cruisers along with a destroyer to the site. The US also was able to step In an support humanitarian efforts by bring in food off the Navy ships, and by making make shift hospitals for the Injured. Many residents at this point didn’t have to means or funds to pay for all the major repairs needed, so they turned to the government to help. The ending result for Messing was that the ability to bounce back from such a terrible tragedy was not easy when the economy along with uninsured properties were at risk. As a consequence, very few homes and businesses had sufficient enough funds to cover the loss from the earthquake. This definitely but a strain on the rebuilding process for Messing. It was an estimated 60 million Euro for repair cost and rebuilding of Messing, however the true amount is still unknown. With little funding to be had, it was only possible at the time for the government to rebuild a much smaller city. The city as we know it today has fully recovered, but will forever be tragically impacted by the lasting effects. In the aftermath, and In the following year to come, Messing took recitation to reconstruction and built architecture that would withstand earthquakes of various magnitudes. During this lengthy process of rebuilding, many of the survivors were taken to various parts of Italy until the building process was cargo ship Florida, which were brought into the New York Harbor to start a new life. In the year of 1887 a disastrous flood of the Yellow River in China became one of the world most devastating natural disasters. â€Å"Originating at the Banyan Hard Mountains in Western China, the famous Yellow River runs through several provinces before pouring into the Boohoo Sea†(The). The Yellow River is very prone to flooding based on the fact the river itself is elevated and runs between dyke’s above the broad plains around it. The flooding that occurred in September of 1887 was so demoralizing and killed more than an estimated 900,000 people. Thus making it one of the world’s most recorded deadliest natural disasters to date. Much of the flooding that occurred in the 1887 floods, was said to be record spring rains and the melting of snow that allowed the river to topple of the 60 foot levees that had been set in place to help this type of disaster from happening. The heavy water flowing eventually eroded the levees and allowed for the mile wide river to then pour out in the floodplain areas. This barrage is what resulted in over 900,000 deaths. It was also said that the in ability for crops to grow due to flooding also played a huge role to many of these deaths as well. Since there is no international unit which to measure a flood’s strength it is usually classified by the extent of the damage done, depth of water left and number of casualties†(Worlds Worst Disaster). The city hardest hit by the flood was said to be the Squeezing in Henna province. Due to the waters of the Yellow River potentially breaking through the dyke’s in Handouts which flowed into Squeezing, the flood water spre ad very quickly throughout Northern China at an estimated 50,000 square mile area. Much of this area was said to be that of swamping agricultural settlements and commercial centers. The population in 1887 was estimated to be a little over 3 million. Today’s population is that of 8 million. The projected population for 2050 is said to be around 11 million. With the flood claiming so many lives it is also to be known that there causes were contributing factors as well. Pandemics and lack of basic needs for survival was also a major factor to the death toll. China has since taken measure to secure the river in hopes that the floods never happen again. By this the government have built three damns that control the river and in return is also a source of hydroelectricity for the cities. On the afternoon of November 13th, 1985 the Volcano Nevada del Uric erupted in the city of Rammer, Columbia. The Volcanic eruption itself caused a massive mudflow that would practically whippet the entire city. When the Volcano became active and molten lava began to melt the snow and ice a chain reaction started to take place. This formed showers of ash in the air. This specific volcano is located some 5,389 meters above sea level, which puts it to be one of the tallest in Columbia. â€Å"All of these mountains are ice-capped extraneousness and are vulnerable to seismic activity due to lying at the intersection of four fault lines†(Suite). There were several precursors noticed before the eruption in 1985. Pumice fragments were seen at the beginning of the onset of eruption along with the ash. By several hours later the town had started an evacuation and the first signs of the molten rock had begun. When the Lars finally hit the city that dreadful night, the whole town was asleep. This resulted in over 23,000 deaths. The mudflow was rushing down at speeds of 30 help predict their eruptions. Special tools and equipment used are that of seismographs, tilt meters, and geometers and correlation spectrometers. All these tools are able to help find small earthquakes and possible swelling of volcanoes. The population of Rammer during this time was 27,300 which meant that less than one- .NET of the population survived. The population today is zero, as the town never rebuilt. The town today is considered a cemetery for all the people buried among the mud. As the town of Rammer never rebuilt, the efforts taken at the time of the disaster by the government and by the United Nations were of great help. Many people and family of the deceased were extremely upset at the government as the evacuation was not taken seriously. As relief efforts took place a great deal was to be held off till daylight in order to look for the live under buried rubble and mud. Relief efforts eased for well over three months lingering into February of 1986. Much of the deaths were blamed on the government for the cancellation of the evacuation, poor planning, human error and simple a lack of experience. † In fact, $1 billion of the Colombian Gross National Product was used for the recovery†. Though the city of Rammer was a good 74 kilometers away from the volcano Nevada del Uric, it only took a mere two and half hours before the city was completely covered. Since this deadly eruption , the volcano has had very little volcanic activity, however, the lasting effects f Nevada del Uric can still be seen today. How to cite Natural disasters, Papers Natural Disasters Free Essays Why do Natural disaster occur : here you can include the reasons why natural disaster occurs. the reasons could be both man made and natural. i said man made because there is a theory called â€Å"Population theory of Malthus † where its stated that if the balance of population exceeds that of food supply many natural disaster would occur. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Disasters or any similar topic only for you Order Now you can google â€Å"Population theory of Malthus† for more details. and the natural ones could be earthquakes on which humans have no control. here you can give examples of earthquakes that frequently hits japan. Advantages of natural disaster: there are some advantages of natural disaster as well. for example with flood comes lots of silts which in turn makes the soil fertile. apart from that any population that faces natural disaster frequently builds a strong survival mentality. for example some countries in the Indian subcontinent gets hit by hurricane, tornadoes etc yet the destruction rate is very low due to their adoption of the environment. Disadvantages; There are psychological, social, economical disadvantages of natural disasters. Psychological could be that people might loose their loved ones, their hard earned property. social disadvantages could be after effects of the event like you know looting, robbery due to want of basic necessities etc. Economic disadvantages could be the spending to reconstruct the damaged infrastructures, damage of crops, damage of properties etc then you can include precautionary measures to better deal with natural disaster. So far thats all I can come up with. if anything else comes in my mind I will edit this answer further How to cite Natural Disasters, Papers Natural Disasters Free Essays Natural disasters affect many people in the world. Over 31,849,838 number of people have died from natural disasters since 1900. A natural disaster is the effect of a natural hazard including tornadoes, tsunamis, and earthquakes and more. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Disasters or any similar topic only for you Order Now Those natural disasters can lead to financial, environmental, and human losses. The ten deadliest natural disasters of the past century in order are the China Floods in 1931, the Tangshan Earthquake in 1976, the Bhola Cyclone in 1970, the Haiyuan earthquake in 1920, the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004, the Haiti Earthquake in 2010, the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923, the Cyclone Nargis in 2008, the Bangladesh cyclone in 1991 and the Ashgabat Earthquake in 1948. A tornado (often referred to as a twister or, erroneously, a cyclone) is a type of natural disaster that is very messy and nasty. It is a violent, dangerous, rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, but are typically in the form of a visible condensation funnel, whose narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by a cloud of debris and dust. Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour (177 km/h), are approximately 250 feet (80 m) across, and travel a few miles (several kilometers) before dissipating. The most extreme can attain wind speeds of more than 300 mph (480 km/h), stretch more than two miles (3 km) across, and stay on the ground for dozens of miles (more than 100 km). The deadliest tornado of the past century has been The Daulatpur-Salturia Tornado in Manikganj, Bangladesh on April 26, 1989 the disaster killed 1,300. A tsunami (also called a tsunami wave train and at one time incorrectly referred to as a tidal wave) is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, usually an ocean, though it can occur in large lakes. It is a very deadly situation. Tsunamis are a frequent occurrence in Japan; approximately 195 events have been recorded. Owing to the immense volumes of water and the high energy involved, tsunamis can devastate coastal regions. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides and other mass movements, meteorite ocean impacts or similar impact events, and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. The Indian Ocean Tsunami on December 26, 2004 affected people in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Maldives, Malaysia, Somalia, Bangladesh, and Thailand. The death toll was 230,210. An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is a sudden shake of the Earth’s crust caused by the tectonic plates colliding. The vibrations may vary in magnitude. The underground point of origin of the earthquake is called the â€Å"focus†. The point directly above the focus on the surface is called the â€Å"epicenter†. Earthquakes by themselves rarely kill people or wildlife. It is usually the secondary events that they trigger, such as building collapse, fires, tsunamis (seismic sea waves) and volcanoes that are actually the human disaster. Many of these could possibly be avoided by better construction, safety systems, early warning and evacuation planning. Earthquakes are caused by the discharge of energy accumulated along geologic fault. Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers. The moment magnitude (or the partly obsolete Richter magnitude, numerically similar over the range of validity of the Richter scale) of an earthquake is conventionally reported, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly almost imperceptible and magnitude 7 and over potentially causing serious damage over large areas, depending on their depth. The most recent large earthquake of magnitude 9. 0 or larger was a 9. 0 magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011 (as of March 2011), and it was the largest Japanese earthquake since records began. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. The shallower an earthquake, the more damage to structures it causes, all else being equal. Natural disasters are something we cannot fight against or win, since a man is powerless against nature. Some people think that natural disasters are caused by human activity and environmental pollution. The reasons could be both man made and natural. There is a theory called â€Å"Population theory of Malthus† where it is stated that if the balance of opulation exceeds that of food supply many natural disasters would occur. We cannot be 100% sure whether it is a myth or truth. The only evident thing is that natural disasters are rather a frequent phenomenon these days. Probably, it is the main reason why this problem is so often discussed in different academic papers. Natural disasters affect many people in the world. Over 31,849,838 number of people have died from natural disasters since 1900. Damages from natural disast ers can take years to repair, but it is best to be prepared when situations like this happen. How to cite Natural Disasters, Papers

Responsibility and Environmental Sustainability †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Social Responsibility and Environmental Sustainability. Answer: Introduction The power and politics have a key role to play in case of any business organization. In case of Nike, the power and politics have a special significance in the organization. This assignment highlights the sources of individual power in Nike, along with the conflicts that are faced by the organizational teams. This assignment highlights the power and politics in the sports organization Nike along with the effective leadership thatis needed for the organization Nike. The power and politics in any business organization is effective if the power is used effectively. The sources of power in any business organization includes, legitimate power, expert power, coercive power, referent power and reward power. Along with the individual power, the organizational power are also essential and has a special significance in the business organization Nike. The politics in a business organization has a significance. If the politics is used in the business in a positive manner, then the business could be enhanced in Nike. However, if the politics is used in a negative manner, then the business of Nike is doomed. The various sources of power needs to be used effectively in the business organization, such that the business could be enhanced. Misuse of power, in the business organization will result in decrease in the business of Nike. Few recommendations have been provided in this assignment. The recommendations include the engagement of Nike with other sports organizations. This will enhance the business f Nike, along with engagement of the promotional activities of Nike. The products of Nike could be promoted in the sponsorship events along with the engagement in the CSR activities. Moreover, launch of wearable fitness devices could also be launched by Nike, such that the fitness of the people could be tracked, using the wearable devices. Finally, promotional campaigns could also be done in order to successfully promote the products of Nike. Thus, these recommendations followed will enhance the business of Nike. Power in any organization is essential in order to guide the subordinates and ensure that the organizational goals are fulfilled successfully (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). The power is often equally distributed among various people such that autonomy could be avoided. In the sports organization Nike, there are a various sources of power. The sources of power are: Legitimate power:The legitimate power is the power that is derived from the position that the person holds in an organization (Harper, 2015). This power has its source in the position that is given to a person by virtue of his job description. For example, the CEO of Bike and the various managers have legitimate power due to the position they hold in the organization (Odell, 2014). The CEO and the managers of Nike have adequate power to take various organizational decisions. Reward power:A person possesses this kind of powerwhen he has the ability to influence the allocation of rewards and incentives of others (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). The people who are in position to determine who will receive the incentives and rewards, is said to posses reward power (Castells, 2013). If the person possessing the reward power uses it effectively, then the employees could be motivated effectively. Coercive power:The coercive power is the power that is possessed by a person with theability to threat or punish other people (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). The person possessing the coercive power is feared by all as they may take up the path of favouritism and punish the people with whom they have enmity (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). Thus, in Nike, the managers and the CEO are the possessors of coercive power. Referent power: A person by virtue of the interpersonal skills possesses this kind of power. A charismatic person having the power of influencing others is said to posses referent power (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). Moreover, the referent power is also derived from the personal connections of an individual.If a person has a good interpersonal connections with the CEO of a company, then the person is said to possess the referent power (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). With the strength of the connections and the interpersonal skills, others respect a person having the referent power. Expert power:This power is acquired from knowledge and the expertisethat a person gains. The power of the knowledge and the experience in a particular field makes the person indispensable in an organization, thus making the person powerful than the others (Walsh, 2016).The subject matter experts and the technical managers could be considered as people having expert power (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). The possession of the expert power is usually a stepping-stone for the possession of legitimate power. A person having the expert power is capable of performing the most critical tasks and hence is respected by all. In an organization, along with individual power, the organizational sources of power are also highlighted.The main sources of organizational power are as follows: Acquisition and the control of the resources The ability to cope up with uncertainty (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). Centrality Non-substitutability Decision making process regulation and control Influence of your role as consultant on power of the organization As a consultant, I have adequate power onthe business organization. I have the legitimate power to review the works of Nike and the various departments that are operational in the business organization (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). I have the power of reviewing the various powers and the organizational politics. In the organization Nike, the political landscape is quite strong and has a strong influence on the working of the business organization (Chadwick, 2013). The positive side of the politics helps the organization to achieve the organizational goals through coordination and sharingof the ideas among the employees and the stakeholders (Camm, 2013). However, the negative view of the politics is manipulative and the employees use it for their own interests. Conflicts are common in any organization.Even in Nike, conflicts occur among the employees and even with the managers. The incidents of conflictsare described below: Conflicts might occur in the business organizations when there is a difference in opinion among the various people in possession of power. The conflict occurs regarding the feasibility of a particular show design (Wallensteen, 2015). While the technical team are of the opinion that the proposed design of a sports shoe is not feasible, the marketing department opines that such a product is new to the market and hence will be lucrative to the customers (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). Conflicts mainly occur, when the interests collides. The key features of the conflicts are the differences in the perception of both the parties. Moreover, opposition in the ideas of both the parties are also an essential element of conflict (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). The lack of ability of achievement of the organizational goals caused anger and frustration and hence conflicts occur (Fry Bjorkqvist, 2013). The various sources of conflicts include the following: Strategies used to manage conflict The structural strategies used to manage conflicts are the behavioural changes among the people of the organization (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). Moreover, separating or mergingof the conflicting business units are also one of the strategies for conflict management (Fisher, Kelman Nan, 2013). Increase of the scare resource over which the conflict occurs is also an effective strategy. The process of decision-making is a critical one. The action of taking critical decisions is known asdecision-making.The process of decision-making has to be done criticallysuch that the organizational goals could be achieved successfully (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). The process of decision-making has three basic models that assist in effective decision-making. These are: The rational model: This model is one of the best-known decision-making models and many people often consider it as a classical model (Daft, 2014). The features of this model include the clarity in problem, clarity in the objectives set by the organization as well as all the alternatives are known.The consequences are also anticipated in this model and there is no biasness in the recognition of the problem. The administrative model: This model is based on the mentioned below concepts. These are the sequential attention to the alternative solution, heuristics, satisfying (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). The Administrative model examines the possible solutions and the best solution is finally chosen. Moreover, the search for the alternative solutions is searched in the areas that have the highest probability for the yield of success. This decision making model is an effective one. The retrospective decision-making model: This model highlights the models on how the decision makers take the decisions that are most appropriate and effective (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). Organizational culture and manifestation of culture in the organization The organizationalculture is defined as the shared assumptions and values that govern the behaviour of the people in the organization. These are shared values and include the way people dress, behave and perform their jobs. The organizational culture has a key role playin the achievement of the organizational goals (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). The organizational culture has to be a positive one such that the organizational goals could be achieved.The positivity of the organizational culture includes encouragement of innovation, attention to details, empathetic communication, and coordination among the various teams. For example when the technical team and the production team work, they should work efficiently and in coordination such that the organizational goals could be achieved. Justification for Culture eats strategy for breakfast Peter Duckerrightly said that Culture eats strategy for breakfast. The reasons are as follows: The people of the organization are loyal to the organizational culture and not the strategy. Culture is successful in providing resilience in the tough times (McCleskey, 2014). The organizational culture is much more efficient than the organizational strategies Culture creates the organizational competitive differentiation (ALLE, 2015). The right organizational culture is able to spark contrarian business strategies (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). An organizational culture that is brittle is able to doom the organizational strategies. Thus, Peter Ducker that indeed has rightly mentioned it that Culture eats strategy for breakfast. The organisational culture needs to be managed and maintained by all the employees of the business organization (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014).The employees need to work effectively in maintaining the organizational culture. The basic structure of the organizational culture is usually retained (Sethuraman Suresh, 2014). However, with time, the organizational culture of Nike has evolved a lot. Moreover, the employees of Nike are adapted to a particular kind of organizational culture, and that culture has to be retained by the employees as well as the management of Nike (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). Behavioural approach to leadership The trait theory of leadershipis an essentialbehavioural leadership approach that highlights the traits of an effective leader, in the business organization (Gregoire Arendt, 2014). This leadership theory could be applied to highlight the relationship between the personal traits of the leaders and the effective leadership. The leaders at Nike might use the transformational leadership style to manage the employees and lead them towards the fulfilment of the organizational goals (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). Thus, it could be said that the power and politics along with the maintenance of organizational culture and effective leadership are essential for the effective operations of the sports organization Nike. The current part of the report focuses on providing the necessary recommendations that is needed to the Nike Company to have a specific organizational goal that helps in the matters related to organizational culture of the company. The clear rationale for each recommendation is also provided which will help in the matter of justifying the recommendations that are being applied within the company (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). One of the main cultural strategic plans of the Nike Inc. is to make Partnership with the most popular sports of a nation. For example in US the company forms Partnership with the National Basketball as most of the in the US region Basketball is the most popular form of sports, which has helped them to gain significant market share within the nation. The Nike has been the main sponsorship of in the Indian cricket jersey, which are also the most popular sports of the nation. Hence, in the past the company has used the strategy of sponsorship in the major sports organization of a nation. The brand image of the company also was in a healthy position. Thus flowing with the past company strategy, the Nike Inc. has able to make plan that helps in the strategy planning that helped them to deal with the partnership policies. With the next few years the company has needs to form partnership with the various sports association of Australia, which will help to gain popularity in that region. Few of the major sports of the Australian region include the Rugby league. The company needs to be the main sponsorship of the rugby league. The rugby sport is also one of the most important parts in the sports and lifestyle culture of the Australian. With the help of the rugby league, it is possible for the company to deal with the all the professional clubs of the Australian region. The National Rugby league is believed to be the most important sports event in Australia, which is the main source of attraction for all categories of sports lover of the nation (Frost et al., 2013). The company needs to have one of the most effective ways to deal with their relationship with the sports organization of Australia. The marketing manager of the company need to approach and held meeting with the professional rugby club and make them attractive offers about the benefit of having sponsorship with the Nike Inc. Being one of the most popular leagues of the country and also throughout the world, the National Rugby league of Australia attracts many companies to compete for the place of the title sponsorship (Misener Doherty, 2013). Hence it is important to have the best possible ways to deal with the title sponsorship. The Nike Inc. can offer free sports equipment and jerseys for all the professional clubs. From the point of view of the National club, it is important to have the well reputed brands as their primary sponsorship, which will help them to have high quality sports equipment. Due to the healthy reputation of the Nike brand, it is important for them to provide th e best quality equipment to the professional clubs. It can also be said in the context that innovative style of proposing the offer of sponsorship can also help them to seek the attention of the club official and franchise. The company can also offer medical support that is needed for the Rugby player of the clubs and also allow them to have the extra benefit of getting support from the club officials. The company can use the past reputation, which will allow them to easily seek the attention of all the famous professional clubs. One of the main aspect of forming the sponsorship and partnership with an organization is to have an official contract between the two organizations, which will help them to have the most important aspect of the sponsorship (Troilo et al., 2016). It is important from both the perspective of the management of Nike and also for the rugby club officials to ensure that all the clauses related to the sponsorship is carefully mentioned within the contract, which will ensure that the interest of both the groups have been protected. The legal aspect of the sponsorship and business partnership contract between two organizations can help to deal with all unethical and unfair means that can be adopted in the business process. With the help of most of the activities related legal aspect, it is important for the Nike Inc. to have a smooth business partnership with the professional clubs of Australia. With the help of the business contract, it is possible for the organization to fix the time of th e business contract and also ensure that they are able to fix upon every detail that is needed for the Nike Inc. to maintain their reputation (Macedo, et al., 2014). Good and effective source of information is an important aspect that is needed by the managers of Nike Inc. that is needed in the case related to most of the occasions to have an effective form of business partnership. They can also offer the best deal to the Australian rugby clubs. In this context, it can also be said that the Nike Inc. needs to import their logo in all the sports equipment and dress that will help them to raise the level of brand awareness among the people. One of the most important parts of the sports sponsorship is to have the latest updated information that will help the members of the Nike Inc. to change the policy of the partnership in order to get the full support of the professional business clubs. This will also help the professional clubs to deal with the business policies of the sports and also ensure that the sports business is able to make maximum profit as the popularity of the leagues increase within the nation. The management of the Nike Company also needs to have an effective communication strategy in order to have a healthy relationship with all the stakeholders of the rugby club of the national rugby league. The Nike Inc. being one of the major sports and fitness brand of the globe they have the responsibility to fulfill certain social duties. This will help the company to have higher reputation in the market. The current age more people are suffering from chronic diseases than ever before. Hence, there has been a strong increase among the people about involving themselves in various sports and physical activities. This has helped to raise the demand of various sports activities and sports equipment in the market. The Nike Company can use this business opportunity in order to increase their popularity within the sports and physical activity lovers. In order to fulfill their corporate social responsibilities Nike Corporation needs to organize various sports event in various countries which will help them to raise the awareness of public about the importance of physical fitness. Sports events will also encourage all types of people to participate in the sports activities and get information about physical fitness (Giulianotti, 2015). As more number of people are more number of people are willing to involve themselves in various sports activities it is important for Nike assist the people by providing various Sports Equipment and organizing public events. With the help of sports activities the Nike Corporation can increase the level of brand awareness. In the modern days the athletes and sports man put themselves to higher limit of the physical constraint in order to get better result and better physical fitness. Is a corporate social responsibility group, it is the duty of Nike to improve upon the quality of the sports goods and equipment, which will help the athletes and the sports person to have better assist in the sports activities. The better quality of sports equipment will also help to reduce the risk of injuries that are commonly associated with all sports and physical activities. It is highly recommend for a reputed organization like the Nike Inc. to use high quality materials in the sports equipment, which help them to ensure that the users gets maximum physical benefits due to the involvement of the sports goods (Heinze et al., 2014). The design of the sports goods needs to use the latest mode of technology can have a significant impact on the health of the sports persons and other athletes. As there is higher brand val ue that is involved in the process of sports, it is important for the Nike Inc. to have the most effective ways to deal with the consequence of the environmental degradation. The company needs to imply the mode of sustainable development, which will help to deal with the consequence of poor health of the individual. The use of the ecofriendly materials within the sports equipment will help the company to ensure that no harm is being caused to the health of the users and other sports personal. The management of the Nike Company needs to initiate the foundation program, which will aim to discover sports talent from all across the globe. The foundation program will also aim to make investment in the welfare activities of the financially weaker section of the society, who cannot make afford for the heavy cost of equipment that is needed in the higher level of sports. It is also the duty of the Nike Foundation to ensure that no people are denied of the sports equipment program. There also should be no discrimination among the sports man who are financially and economical weak. Moreover, it is also important in this context to have better source of income that can help the Nike Foundation to provide Full support to the financially and economically weaker section of the society. With the advancement of Technology in sports equipment the Nike Company must also initiate the manufacture of innovative style of sports goods in order to ensure that maximum possible utilisation is done to the sports person and they get full benefit of using high quality sports equipment. The innovative style of sports equipment can also help the athlete to get full benefit how the physical exercise. According toTrendafilova et al., (2013), it is important for a company to have high level of transparency with the people of the society, which will help them in the matters of the ethical issues. The company needs to provide regular and updated information that helps to maintain high level of transparency within the organisation. The management of Nike Company need to publish the financial status and also the detailed information about pricing of every sport goods that is being sold to the market. They also must share information related to the production and materials that are used in every sports goods. This will help the customers to have idea related to the quality of the products and also the effects of using the products for longer duration. In order to protect the environment from harmful degradation it is important for the company to have bio friendly production techniques and avoid the use of harmful chemicals. The company also has a strong responsibility towards the public in order to provide high quality sports materials and also ensure that physical fitness level for all the customers are properly gained. The company also needs to ensure that the employees and workers in the factory are working in healthy and safe environment and all the needs are fulfilled from the management. In the manufacturing unit it is important to have high level of safety protocols which will ensure that the risk involved in the factories are minimised with the help of proper safety guidelines. Hence minimising the environmental and health risk is one of the prime corporate social duties of Nike Company. In order to evaluate the future risk it is important for the company to have proper risk management system. Hence, with property valuation and risk management technique it is possible for Nike Company to use the theories related to corporate social responsibilities and also ensure that their reputation is maintained within the society as a responsible business organisation. The sustainable business development project of Nike Company can also help in future. This can help the company to attract possible investors and also ensure that they are able to raise the awareness among the people about the importance of their product in daily activities (Anagnostopoulos et al., 2014). With the change in the demand of sports Industry that is caused due to the innovative style of products it is important for the Nike Company to introduce new sports equipment in order to seek the attention of sports lover and other athletes. Hence, it is important for the company to use perfect model of promotional campaigns which will help to spread the popularity of the new and innovative style of sports goods and also ensure that the people and the customers of Nike get proper information that is related to the features of new products. It is also important in the context that the promotional campaign needs to be design in perfect manner in order to makes the launch of new products attractive. It is important for the company to choose the perfect place for the promotional launch program of a new product which will ensure that the popularity and news about the product launch reaches maximum number of people. The company can form partnership with various sports organiser events which will help to ensure that the promotional launch program can be of great success and is able to attract the attention of all sports lover people. The initial design and manufacturing process of the new product is the primary important factor that the Nike Company needs to consider. As more number of people are engaging themselves in physical activities and sports it is important for the Nike Company to introduce innovative style of sports goods. The innovative style of Sports Equipment also needs to encourage all types of people to engage in physical activities which are primary important requirement for all categories of people in modern day society. Moreover, to maintain the reputation of the company and also ensure that the customers can get the latest type of sports equipments, regular launch of new products with innovative style of manufacturing process is an important part of maintaining the reputation of the company (Thorpe, 2016). The location of the launch event is important in the context that, it will be a public event which aims to seek attention of maximum people. The overall planning process of the launch event needs to be effective. It is highly recommended for a reputed company like Nike to use the face of some famous sports personality in their launch event, which will help them to easily see the attention of all potential customers (RichelieuDesbordes, 2013). With the advancement of digital technology that is an important part of physical activities of everyday life it is important for the newly launched product of Nike to have high application about the use of digital equipment. The latest tracking device in sports equipment in is important in the context that it helps to measure various parameters related to Physical activities that includes the amount of calorie burn and total time spent in physical workout. The equipment can also provide information related to the amount of physical activity that is needed for every individual depending upon their physical condition and body weight. It is also possible for an individual to track that a health status using the latest equipment of sports goods. The Nike Company needs to ensure that the newly launched products can be used with the digital equipment that can help in the process of tracking the health status of an individual. Advanced level of sports kits and equipment are an important par t of all sportsman activities and professional athletes that helps them to deal with all the major sports activities (NuferNufer, 2016). The Nike+ program is one the major sports activity that is initiated by the company to deal with the latest trends and hence, it is important in the context that the sports goods needs to be high quality to provide better accuracy results related to the health status of an individual. With inaccurate results related to the health status of an individual there is high risk involved and hence it is important for all sports equipment to use high quality material that helps in accurate data prediction system about the health status of an individual. In the promotional program it is important for Nike Company to provide detailed information regarding the features of the new product and also it importance in the context of modern lifestyle of people that can help them to assist in all types of sports and physical activities. Moreover the use of the face of famous sports personality or any other celebrity can help the public understand the importance of using high quality sports equipment i n order to ensure and get maximum benefit of physical exercise activities. The night company is regarded as one of the most culturally diverse organisation which respects the sports and Lifestyle activities of every Nation across the globe. Hence, in the manufacturing process of new products it is important for the Nike Company to have effective style of marketing that is made according to the social and cultural trend of the local market and people. The materials that are used in the sports uniforms needs to have high quality substances that will help to reduce the exhaustion level of the sports person. Effective pricing strategy is also an important part that the company needs to launch during the time of new products introduction in a market (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). Hence, with the help of the above mentioned business policies it is possible for Nike Inc. to have effective cultural diversity and also maintain the reputation in the market. The three recommendations that are provided will be the part of the business planning process of Nike Inc. for the next upcoming 3 years. Conclusion The significance of power and politics have been highlighted in this assignment. The various sources of power in a sports organization namely Nike has been highlighted in this assignment. The various sources of individual power in the business organization includes the reward power, referent power, coercive power, legitimate power as well as the expert power in the organization. The organizational sources of power have also been highlighted in this assignment. The importance of the organizational culture has been felt, along with an in dept analysis of Peter Duckers statement Culture eats strategy for breakfast. The justification for this statement includes the loyalty of the employees towards the culture of the organization and not the strategy of the organization. Moreover, the right organizational culture is able to trigger the motivation and empowerment of the employees. Business strategies are likely to change with time. However, the culture of an organization remains. Moreover, the organizational culture is much more efficient than the organizational strategies. Hence, the statement made by Peter Ducker is true and is justified. Various recommendations have been provided for Nike. Nike might enter into a partnership with other sports organizations such that the enhancement of Nike could be done as a positive effect of working in partnership. Moreover, it is also recommended that Nike works towards the fulfilment of the social corporate responsibility as well as charitable events. This is recommended for Nike, in order to gain customer satisfaction as well as customer retention. The engagement of the social corporate responsibilities is important. Sponsorship of various sports events, is effective in customer retention and achieving customer satisfaction. The products of Nike will be promoted if the company engages in various social corporate responsibilities. The products of Nike should be promoted more in various sports events and sponsored events. This will enhance the business of Nike and ensure that more customers will buy the shoes and other products of Nike. Moreover, Nike could launch personal fitness wearables, such that the sportsmen using the products of Nike are able to track their fitness as well. Thus, it could be concluded that the business of Nike is enhanced with the following of the recommendations mentioned in this assignemnt. References ALLE, K. (2015). Culture eats strategy for breakfast. Anagnostopoulos, C., Byers, T., Shilbury, D. (2014). Corporate social responsibility in professional team sport organisations: towards a theory of decision-making. European Sport Management Quarterly, 14(3), 259-281. Camm, T. W. (2013). Power and politics in organizations. Castells, M. (2013).Communication power.OUP Oxford. Chadwick, A. (2013).The hybrid media system: Politics and power. Oxford University Press. Daft, R. L. (2014).The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Fisher, R. J., Kelman, H. C., Nan, S. A. (2013).Conflict analysis and resolution. Frost, L., Lightbody, M., Halabi, A. K. (2013). Expanding social inclusion in community sports organizations: evidence from rural Australian football clubs. Journal of Sport Management, 27(6), 453-466. Fry, D. P., Bjorkqvist, K. (2013).Cultural variation in conflict resolution: Alternatives to violence. Psychology Press. Geppert, M., Drrenbcher, C. (2014). Politics and power within multinational corporations: Mainstream studies, emerging critical approaches and suggestions for future research.International Journal of Management Reviews,16(2), 226-244. Giulianotti, R. (2015). Corporate social responsibility in sport: critical issues and future possibilities. Corporate Governance, 15(2), 243-248. Gregoire, M. B., Arendt, S. W. (2014). Leadership: Reflections over the past 100 years.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,114(5), S10-S19. Harper, C. (2015).Organizations: Structures, processes and outcomes. Routledge. Heinze, K. L., Soderstrom, S., Zdroik, J. (2014). Toward strategic and authentic Corporate Social Responsibility in professional sport: A case study of the Detroit Lions. Journal of Sport Management, 28(6), 672-686. Macedo, P., Madeira, R. N., Correia, A., Jardim, M. (2014). A Web System based on a Sports injuries model towards global athletes monitoring. In New Perspectives in Information Systems and Technologies, Volume 2 (pp. 377-383). Springer International Publishing. McCleskey, J. A. (2014). Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), 117. Misener, K., Doherty, A. (2013).Understanding capacity through the processes and outcomes of interorganizational relationships in nonprofit community sport organizations.Sport Management Review, 16(2), 135-147. Nufer, G., Nufer, G. (2016). Ambush marketing in sports: an attack on sponsorship or innovative marketing?.Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 6(4), 476-495. Odell, J. S. (2014).US international monetary policy: Markets, power, and ideas as sources of change. Princeton University Press. Richelieu, A., Desbordes, M. (2013).Sports teams and equipment manufacturers going international: The strategic leverage of co-branding.Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 3(1), 63-77. Sethuraman, K., Suresh, J. (2014).Effective leadership styles.International Business Research,7(9), 165. Thorpe, H. (2016). Action sports, social media, and new technologies: towards a research agenda. Communication Sport, 2167479516638125. Trendafilova, S., Babiak, K., Heinze, K. (2013). Corporate social responsibility and environmental sustainability: Why professional sport is greening the playing field. Sport Management Review, 16(3), 298-313. Troilo, M., Bouchet, A., Urban, T. L., Sutton, W. A. (2016). Perception, reality, and the adoption of business analytics: Evidence from North American professional sport organizations. Omega, 59, 72-83. Wallensteen, P. (2015).Understanding conflict resolution.Sage. Walsh, C. (2016).Gender and discourse: language and power in politics, the church and organisations. Routledge.

Perception of Plp Level I Nursing Student on Taking the Nursing Aptitude Test as Basis for Selective Retention Program free essay sample

PERCEPTION OF PLP LEVEL I NURSING STUDENT ON TAKING THE NURSING APTITUDE TEST AS BASIS FOR SELECTIVE RETENTION PROGRAM A Thesis Proposal Presented to College of Nursing and School of Midwifery In partial fulfillment Of the requirements for Nursing Research I By: Mark R. Antolin Cassandra A. Cabigas Mitchelle Frances Mae A. Camilon Isadel Angelic A. Chio Mary Grace C. Cuenca Mary Grace Joy T. Julian March 2011 Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Nursing education in the Philippines has earned a good reputation. Ruth Padilla, the past president of the Philippine Nurses Association coined that Filipino nurses are world class and it is a legacy to protect during a convention in Honolulu, Hawaii in January 2006 of the Philippine Nursing Association Phil. (PNA-Phil. ) and the Philippine Nurses Association of America (PNAA ). Although it was based on American nursing curriculum, it is never a mirror image reproduction according to Catherine Ceniza Choy . The Philippine schools / colleges of nursing made adaptations in its curriculum to reflect the needs of its patients. We will write a custom essay sample on Perception of Plp Level I Nursing Student on Taking the Nursing Aptitude Test as Basis for Selective Retention Program or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a matter of fact, the Philippines is one of the eight countries in the world ( the others are Canada, Sweden, Portugal, brazil, Iceland, Korea and Greece) which require a four year undergraduate education in order to practice nursing. Its admission standard has always been high that it produced nurses at the bedside that have established reputation of hard work, dedication and competence. March 2006, PNA-NY Newsletter, Wong, Clemencia, MA,RN) In 2001, When the United States announced the nursing shortage, Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo announced government initiatives to ensure the production of top notch nurses who will have an easier time getting jobs overseas. The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) issued a memorandum on guidelines to be followed in the admission of professionals entering the nursing program. The Philippine Nursing Act of 1991 was repealed for a more responsive nursing profession ( March 2006, PNA-NY Newsletter, Wong, Clemencia, MA,RN) Due to the unabated rise in the number of nursing schools, CHED declared a moratorium on the opening of new schools, part of the nursing development plan to address the issue of quality of nursing education. This way, the Technical Committee for Nursing Education can concentrate on monitoring and regulating the schools that are open. Last 2006, development of the National Nursing Aptitude Test (NNAT) was ;planned. (Lorenzo, Marilyn, RN, PhD). The Nursing Aptitude Test is important in helping the student for them to decide whether nursing is the right career. It is based on applied sciences, Daily Life science, Communication skills, Mathematical skills, interpreting the written words and analytical reasoning. (Pataliah, B. A. 2004) Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasay (PLP), College of Nursing School of Midwifery (CONM) is one of the colleges that offer the nursing course. The College mission is to produce quality health care professionals through world class education and pursue a highly competitive skill in maintaining the ideals of the vocation of the future health professionals. And to fulfill this aim, the College is doing its best to train the students both in academic and clinical field. Because of this, the College strictly complies with the CHED memorandum and requirement on policies, standards and guidelines governing nursing students. One of the actions taken is the implementation of Nursing Aptitude Test. This will determine who among the freshmen will pass the exam in order to be a part of the selective retention program. This program allows only prospective first year students to continue to the second year level of the nursing course. This research is about the perceptions of the first year level nursing student of the Pamamtasan ng Lungsod ng Pasay about the nursing aptitude test as basis of the selective retention program. The researchers would like to determine the orientation, preparedness and how serious the freshmen are in dealing with NAT as a part of the curriculum. PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to gain insights on the perception of PLP level 1 nursing students on taking the NAT exam as basis for Selective Retention Program and whether their perceptions are influenced by their age, civil status, gender and National Career Aptitude Test result. OBJECTIVES The Objectives of the study are the following: 1. To gather perceptions of the level 1 nursing students on taking the Nursing Aptitude test (NAT) as basis for selective retention program in terms of their orientation, preparedness and seriousness. 2. To assess the student perception based in the area of orientation, preparedness and seriousness in taking the nursing aptitude test. 3. To establish the degree of relationship between the demographic profile, National Career Aptitude Examination and the perceptions of level 1 nursing students of PLP-CONM. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The study will attempt to answer the following questions; 1. What are the demographic profile of the PLP Level nursing students with regards to: 1. 1age 1. 2civil status 1. 3gender 2. What are the National Career Aptitude Examination scores of PLP Level 1 nursing students? . What are the preparations done by PLP Level 1 nursing students in the areas of: 3. 1Orientation 3. 2Preparedness 3. 3Seriousness 4. Is there a significant relationship in the demographic profile, NCAE scores and perceptions of PLP Level 1 nursing students in NAT as basis for selective retention program? STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS H0: There is no significant relationship between the demo graphic profile, NCAE score and perceptions of PLP Level 1 nursing students on taking the Nat as basis for Selective Retention Program. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study will be conducted to gather the perceptions of the PLP level 1 nursing students on NAT as basis in the selective retention program. Students shall be informed on the possible consequences they will face if they either pass or fail from the said examination. A. Students The perceptions of the students about taking NAT will be heard and given attention. They can express their opinions and thoughts about the said matter which may be possibly influenced by their age, civil status and gender. The students will be able to understand the real purpose and objective of taking the NAT. Thus, it will help them become more oriented and get prepared before taking the said examination. Furthermore, it will open their minds and help them decide whether Bachelor of Science in Nursing is the right choice. This will enhance their decision making capacity about choosing their preferred career. B. Administration The president of the PLP, the Dean of the College of Nursing and School of Midwifery (CONM), the and faculty will be able to take action or respond appropriately according to the outcomes of implementing the NAT as a basis of selective retention program for those students involved in this program. The administration will be able to determine the perception of the students based in the area of orientation, preparedness and seriousness. The administration will be able to create more effective tool with regards to the implementation NAT as basis for Selective Retention Program. They can discuss ways in developing through orientation among the students prior to taking the NAT exam. C. Other Researchers This study can help other researchers to obtain further information about the outlook of nursing students in taking the NAT based on their age, civil status and gender and whether or not their perceptions are affected by these variables. SCOPE AND LIMITATION The research will be conducted in the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasay ,College of Nursing and School of Midwifery, P. Burgos St. Pasay City. The respondents are BSN level 1 regular students enrolled in the school year 2010-2014 and are qualified to take the Nursing Aptitude Test. The only demographic profiles that will be collected are the students age, civil status and gender. Their National Career Aptitude Examination scores will be required to determine the level of their intelligence. The perceptions that will be gathered are based on OPS (orientation, preparedness and seriousness) in taking the NAT. The perceptions of the students will be assessed and classified according to their age, civil status, gender and NCAE scores. Only questionnaires will be used to gather the pertinent information needed from the respondents. DEFINITION OF TERMS AGE It is an individuals development measured in terms of the years requisite for like development of an average individual In the academe, college students are within the adolescent age which is consists of 13-19 years old and young adulthood which is consists of 20-40 years old. BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING The Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) is a four year academic degree in the science and principles of nursing, granted by a tertiary education university or similarly accredited school. CIVIL STATUS It refers to the materials status of a person, either single or married. LEVEL 1 NURSING STUDENT It refers to the freshmen nursing students. NURSING APTITUDE TEST The Nursing Aptitude Test (NAT) is used to measure the academic achievement level of students wishing to enter the nursing (R. N. ) program. PERCEPTION It is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory information. PREPAREDNESS It refers to the state of being prepared for specific or unpredictable events or situations. It is an important quality in achieving goals and in avoiding and mitigating negative outcomes. SELECTIVE RETENTION PROGRAM It is the program implemented in the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasay, College of Nursing and School of Midwifery which is used to classify students who are capable of pursuing to the next level. Qualifying examinations in every year level must be passed prior to enrollment such as Nursing Aptitude and Achievement Examination. SEX It is defined as being male or female. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Foreign Literature Nursing service can be characterized as generous, loving and compassionate care. Nursing career is considered as a collaborative job because it involves a lot of team work especially with the other health care team members. A nurse performs different roles such as a discipline care giver, a counselor, a manager, a teacher, etc. Every action done should be focused on the bivalence of the patients. ( http://www. personality-and-aptitude-career-tests. com/nursing-career. html) During the past years baccalaureate nursing program enrollment, have increased. In 2001 the enrollees increased up to 3. 7%, in 2002 and 2003 it had also increased up to 8. 1 and 15. 9% consecutively (Health Care Financial Management Association and Group, 2006) According to Tony Abari in 2010, Aptitude Test measures a person’s acquired knowledge based on the past education and experiences before taking the test. It is used to evaluate a person’s ability to learn (Abari, 2010) And because of the said program anyone who does not pass the aptitude test will not be able to continue to pursue their dream. Because of this, different perceptions of the students have risen and they vary in varies to different sex, age and civil status. According to Jean Piaget, intelligence is not the same at different ages. It changes qualitatively, attaining increasing broader, more abstract and more equilibrated structure thereby allowing to different level of organization in the world. In his cognitive theory he created 4 stages of cognitive development the sensory motor stage, pre-operational stage, concrete operational stage and formal operational stage consecutively (Piaget 1980’s). In his formal operational stage which is the fourth and final stage of cognitive development in Piaget’s theory. Individual move beyond concrete experience and begin to think abstractly, reason logically, draw conclusions from the information available. As well as apply all this processes to hypothetical situations. During this stage the young person begins to entertain possibilities for the future and fascinated with what they can be (Piaget, 1980) Social status has been defined in various ways. Homans (1961) it suggests that the status of an individual is the complex set of stimuli that are evaluated by others as better or worse, higher or lower. Based upon an assumption that every single characteristic of a person differentiates individuals from others, Homans classifies status characteristics into three kinds: (a) characteristics of the individuals themselves (e. g. , attractiveness, age, sex, skin color, educational achievements, income, religion, etc. ), (b) characteristics related to relationships with other individuals, groups, organizations, or communities (e. g. seniority at work, authority, and marital status), and (c) characteristics that relate to others perceptions of the individual (e. g. , approvals and esteem) (Homans, 1961) Berger and his colleagues explain social status as status inequalities generated by expectations about future performances. According to Berger, social status can be categorized into two types: (a) specific status characteristics that are associated with specific expectations for dealing with specific abilities, and (b) diffuse status characteristics which people can infer general assumptions, such as individuals’ competence, ability, or value (e. . , race, class, education, age, occupation, physical attractiveness, and gender). Because of this it also affects the people on how they think. Social Status is one of the important factor in making decisions because when a person is single he or she can only think of his/her but when a person is married he/she needs to consider lots of this such as if her/his family can benefit on it. (Berger, Cohen, Fisek, 1974; Berge, Cohen, Zelditic 1972) B. Foreign Studies Nursing programs chose students by ranking them according to factors such as graduates in prerequisite classes and test score result. Students in various other programs also were required to take assessment test for course placement purposes. The said programs are allowed to continue requiring prospective student to complete science prerequisite course to be eligible to apply. Validation studies also must be conducted in order for district to require application to obtain grades higher than a â€Å"C† on perquisite classes. The above program shows the defined policies they implemented on the regulation of the selective retention program. It evaluated ranking of factors such as grades in prerequisite classes and test score result before letting the student to be undergone on the assessment exam, the national aptitude test. The validation study showed that the students who fail to satisfy such requirements are â€Å"highly unlike† to succeeding in nursing program (Paul Steenhausen and Steve Boiland, May 2007). According to Sarah E. Newton, PhD, RN and Gary Coore, PhD, RN in September 2009, there are 50% attrition rate of Bachelor of Science in Nursing Student nationwide. In decreasing attrition or loss of a student is BSN, Nursing Aptitude Test is now adjunct to scholastic aptitude data so that it can be vague knowledge about the reliability in using NT to predict the readiness of the students in National Council Licensure Examination. The study finding suggest that there is still a need for explanatory model in attrition of Nursing Student and this will also serve as a guideline in admitting students to ensure that students taking the NCLEX are from BSN program (Journal of Professional Nursing Vol. 25, Issue 5, Pages 273-278, Sept. 2005) According to Eme R, Maisiak R, Goodale W. June 2005, the two most worrisome problems among the early adolescents are careers and grades. The study emphasizes that these young men are not that focused on their study. Likewise, according to LeBow JA, April 2004, there are some factors that may affect the seriousness of adolescent adjustment reactions such as the framework of adolescent’s age, social situation, general stress factors, and developmental history. C. Local Literature Today, the Philippines is bloody full of nurses. Many nursing schools have busied themselves adjusting their requirements to fit the need of a new type of student. Middle age professionals seeking new, career are journalists, accountants, clerks, teachers, and doctors are some of the professionals that chooses to become nurses because of the high demand. (Santos, 2010) Because of this, the Philippine Nursing Board becomes strict in their policies and laws. They are the one who is responsible in maintaining the number of graduating students in the nursing field. As part of what they amended, the Selective Retention Program is a solution for the over population of the nursing students in the Philippines. (Santos, 2010) On March 10, 2009 Dr. Rizalina Mitra- Pangan used the the NAT as a criterion for retention in every college of nursing it was design to determine the students learning preferences and talents (Malimbag, 2009) Nursing Aptitude Test (NAT) measures the person’s acquired knowledge based on the past education and experiences before taking the test. It includes the subject, Math, English, Language and Literature, Science and reading Comprehension. Anyone, who did not pass the NAT, will be subjected for removal. Selective Retention Program is used in this type of deliberation. In nursing, Selective Retention Program (SRP) is the way how the institution identifies the candidates who are likely to succeed as nurses. By predicting the nursing student’s success even before, he or she begin the duty in the wards would give the students, the opportunity to enrich the quality of education offered to those candidate, most likely to succeed. (Schivley 2005) The NCAE was developed to assess the aptitudes of the fourth year high school students and guide them in choosing an appropriate career path after graduation. Unlike the National College Entrance Examination that was discontinued in 1994, the NCAE is used entirely for recommendation purposes in career guidance. Lapus stressed that the conduct of NCAE last August 2007 and the distribution of the individual results last November 2007 will give students and their parents time to choose career options vis-a-vis aptitudes or inclinations (Lapus, 2007). DepEd is currently implementing enhanced curriculum in some 261 technical-vocational secondary schools out of 5,078 public secondary schools nationwide to give students in these tech-voc schools skills training and a resulting wider array of life choices. Given the introduction of ladderized education, students may build on their skills acquired in these tech-voc schools and choose technical or engineering courses in college while some may decide to take post-secondary courses given by TESDA. The department of Education (DepEd) announced that it will be conducting the National Career Assessment Examination (NCAE) for fourth year students of public and private high schools on August 28. The NCAE, which replaced the National College Entrance Examination, was given for the first time in January 2007. D. Local Studies The Philippine Nursing Law, R. A. 877 was amended by the Philippine Nursing Act of 1991, R. A. 7164. The Law provides for the scope of nursing practice and specifies that for a nurse to be professional, he or she must acquire a Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree, be physically and mentally fit and secure a license to practice nursing in the country. The BSN curriculum aims to produce a full functioning nurse who has developed a sensitive awareness to the health needs of society as well as commitment to the alleviation of problems arising there from, acquired the necessary skills, knowledge and attitudes for the promotion of health, prevention of illness, restoration of health and alleviation of suffering, and (3) developed a research attitude through the use of the nursing process. Such attitude, among others, leads to the utilization of research findings (Venzon, 196-197). A study conducted by Thelma Corcega and colleagues in 1999 on the supply and demand of nurses in the Philippines revealed that â€Å"In 1998, there was an estimated 323,490 registered nurses but the reported demand for nurses was only 178,045, 84. 75% of which was demand from international markets† (UP Manila Journal Vol. 5 No. 1, 2000, p. 1). It also reveals that a total of 16,240 Filipino nurses have been deployed abroad from 1998 to 2000. There were 13,608 professional nurses and 1,714 nursing personnel deployed to Saudi Arabia and 3,177 to United Kingdom. All of these nurses are graduates of nursing institutions throughout the country. It indicates that Filipino nurses who earned their degree from the Philippines are recognized abroad. However, the extent to which they remain competitive in this fast changing world is the accountability of quality education. (Philippine Maritime and Nursing Education: Benchmarking with APEC Best Practices; page 8-9 Veronica Esposo Ramire, December 2005) The exam evaluates students’ general scholastic abilities bur also adds several new test layers, including technical-vocational aptitude, occupational interests and entrepreneurial skills. The new test components allow parents and their children to assess career options based on the students’ skills toward any field of interest. It can also be basis for students’ goal towards college and possible entrepreneurial capabilities. The DepEd has also been pushing its Technical-Vocational (tech-Voc) program, which include special curricula that high school students can take to hone their skills in various fields. The program covers arts, electrical technology, welding, computers, software skills and technical drawing. (Villafania, 2007) According to Mamaoag and Magno nursing achievement test usually correlates other cognitive measures such as critical thinking, mental ability, grades with demographic factors such as age, gender and parent’s educational level. Dispositional factors such as nursing traits were nit explored during previous studies because concurrent studies were driven by the factors explained by other previous studies. This poses a need to explore and use ot5her kinds of disposition (Mamaoag Magno, 2005). Theoretical Framework Figure 1: Imogene King’s metaparadigm Imogene King formulated the Goal Attainment Theory, which focuses on creating a positive behavior that can be adapted to achieve goals. She defined person as social custom and belief through language. They exhibit common characteristics such as ability to perceive, to think, to feel, to choose between alternative course of action, to set goals, to select the means to achieve goals and to make decisions. On the other hand, she viewed environment as the process of balance involving the internal and external interactions inside the social system. Reactions from the interactions between the internal and external environment can be biological, Psychological, physical, social or spiritual. King’s model is composed of three interacting system namely the Personal, Interpersonal and social communication. These levels are independent and at the same time co-exist to influence over-all nursing practice. Specifically, in her personal framework, king stated how the nurse views and intergrades self based from the personal goals and beliefs. It includes perception, feelings, self body image and level of growth development. According to her perceptions is the process of human transaction with the environment. It involves organizing, interpreting and transforming information from sensory data and memory. Furthermore, King discussed interaction as a process of perce3ption and communication between person and environment that are goal directed. King also used the word action to describe the means of behavior or activities that are towards the accomplishment of a certain action. It is both physical and mental. The accomplishment of a task begins with mental action. Actions are aimed towards setting goals through communication between the nurse and the client then exploring and agreeing means to perform them thereby achieving the set goal. In relation to the formulation of an individual’s own perception by king, another theory describes how an individual was able to formulate his thoughts. Jean Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development is a comprehensive theory about the nature development of human intelligence. It deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans come gradually to acquire it, construct it and use it. He developed the four main periods of cognitive development that varies through different stages of life and changes a person on how think and make decisions. In his fourth and final period known as the Concrete Operational Stage that commences at around 11 yrs. of age and continues to adolescent, individual move beyond concrete experience and begins to think abstractly, reason logically and draw conclusions from the information available. Through this theory it can be understood how adolescent differ from the one who are younger than them. Different ages have a different ways of thinking. People under Concrete Operational Stage are able to produce answer through hypothetical-deduction in which they use best guess. But some decision became different because of the future effect of it. Human have different perception and it varies through different age, sex and civil status. Father of Socio-biology Dr. Edward O. Wilson of Harvard University said that females tend to be higher than males in empathy, verbal skills, and social skills, While men tends to be higher in spatial and mathematical skills. By knowing the differences of the male and female according to cognition, we can identify the reason how they both differ in perception related to subject matter. (Wilson, 2005) Though the enactment roles, static social position is brought to life. According to the concept of the Role theory developed by Lindersmith and Strauss in 1968, a status may include number of roles, with each role appropriate to a specific social context. An individual occupies a status, but plays a role. Role behavior in any given situation depends on the status occupied by interacting individuals. The role an individual plays has a profound effect on attitude and behavior as well as self perception. Other theory that is involved in the perception of man is the cognitive-field theory which originated from gestalt psychology. The cognitive-field psychologist considers learning to be closely related to perception. They define learning in terms of reorganization of the learner’s perceptual or psychological world in his or her field. The field includes a simultaneous and mutual interaction among all the forces or stimuli affecting the person. Relationship of the Theories to the study Based o the Goal attainment theory of Imogene King, The primary person involved is the students. The students are rational human beings who are capable of communicating ideas and expressing their own thoughts. They have the ability to perceive things and select means to achieve their goals. The environment where they live influences the way they interact with other human beings. Students spend most of the time in their school, less in home. This kind of setting may influence how the student will react from the environment physically, emotionally, socially, mentally and spiritually. In relation to the personal framework of King, students may formulate perceptions based from their personal goals and beliefs. In formulating their perceptions in NAT as basis for SRP, the students may have different outlook in the topic because they will eventually have different plans in life. These are the factors that may affect the creation of perceptions among the Level 1 nursing students. These are the age, civil status, gender and NCAE scores. According to Piaget, when the person reaches his 11th year, he begins to think abstractly, reason logically and draw conclusions from the information available. Meaning those level 1 nursing students are already capable of perceiving this and becomes concerned with the hypothetical, future and ideological views. His perception in NAT in terms of OPS may depend on his age. The older the age, the higher desire the student has, to pass the NAT. In terms of civil status, the role theory suggests that the role that an individual play have a profound effect on attitude and behavior as well as on self perception. If the student is single and not engaged in any relationship, they do not have big responsibilities to hold. Dr. Edward O. Wilson of Harvard University discussed about how the gender affects the intelligence of a person. Females tend to excel in empathy, verbal skills, and social skills, while men excel in spatial and mathematical skills. The NCAE plays an important role in considering the cognitive function of level 1 nursing student. The NCAE scores of the students may reflect their intelligence quotient. The more intelligent the students are, the better perception he has towards NAT. Conceptual Framework SELECTIVE RETENTION PROGRAM Figure 1: Conceptual Framework The figure above shows the research study metaparadigm. The two circles represent the determinants for passing the Selective Retention Program (SRP). These are the demographic data and NCAE results. These circles are enclosed in a funnel which represents the NAT. This means that the determinants are properly filtered and selected to ensure the prospective students who will stay and continue in the second level of the nursing course through Selective Retention Program. The first circle is the demographic profile of Level 1 nursing students specifically age, civil status and gender. These data are factors that affect the creation of perceptions of students in Nursing Aptitude Test (NAT) as basis for Selective Retention Program (SRP). Age plays an important role in pursuing a career. The older the age, the more the person is eager to finish the study. Being a male and female is considered as one of the determinants in creating perceptions. It was believed that both have differences in their behaviour and how they think. Their biological factors affect the interest and sex role attitude. Civil status is briefly defined as being single or married. Married persons have greater responsibility compared to those who are single. Thus, it can affect one’s choice of career and eagerness to finish the college course. Second circle is the NCAE score of the students that may reflect their intelligence. The funnel is the perception on the orientation and preparedness of the Level 1 nursing students. Orientation is defined as the state of full mental function. Preparedness, on the other hand, is the state of being prepared for specific or unpredictable event or situation. The perceptions of students can serve as a baseline to assess and determine their preparedness and orientation about the significance of taking NAT. The output is the Selective Retention Program (SRP). NAT will be the sole basis of SRP. It will determine who among the students are qualified to stay and continue to pursue the nursing course. Chapter III METHODOLOGY Research Design Approach use in the research is descriptive approach which is use to describe and interpret points of view or attitude that are held or not held, practice that prevail or do not prevail, procedures that are continuing or otherwise, effects that are being felt or trends that are developing. The variables include the perception of PLP level 1 nursing students and the Nursing Aptitude Test as a basis for selective retention program. The students are subjected to undergo the Nursing Aptitude Test to determine and measure what knowledge the students has already acquired prior to taking the test and also as a basis of selective retention program by the administrator in anticipating academic achievement. Afterwards, the students are given a measurement tool provided by the researcher to determine their perception toward the relationship of Nursing Aptitude Test and Selective Retention Program and its effect to the students Instrumentation The researchers developed a student’s perception questionnaire validated by Dean Iris C. Castillon, RM, RN, MAN, MAEd. and Arcelli Francisco, RN, MAN to identify the student’s perception in taking the Nursing Aptitude Test. The questionnaire has both types of questions: Unstructured forms which are â€Å"open-ended† questions; and structured forms which are â€Å"close-ended† questions. This questionnaire will be provided by the researchers for the level 1 nursing students. They have to answer by filling up the blanks adjacent to the free response question. On the other hand, in close-ended questions, checking the appropriate response in each question will be the method of answering. Both will help the researchers to determine their perception in the Nursing Aptitude Test. The researchers ensure that the questions are organized into units and progresses from one type to another according to their relationship. It is also made simple and interesting to avoid too much time in answering the questionnaire and promote interest in answering. Data Gathering Procedure In order to conduct the data gathering procedure, the researchers respectfully approach the Dean of the College of Nursing of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasay to ask for approval and permission, furthermore interview to the dean will be accomplished as part of the requirement in the research. Libraries, bookstores, and even website in the internet were visited by the researchers in collecting related literatures and recent studies from years 2005 up to present. This literatures and studies are used in evaluating its relationship to the research. Through the effort of the researchers, also with the aid of formal letter in asking for approval to different librarians, they successfully obtained essential information to formulate the research. Finally, researchers gave a questionnaire to the respondent in determining the perception of level 1 nursing students to the Nursing Aptitude Test as a basis of Selective Retention Program. Research Locale Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasay is located at Pasadena St. F. B. Harrison Pasay City. The College of Nursing and School of Midwifery is located at P. Burgos St. Pasay City. It is a government institution founded on 1994. On May 13, 1995, Ordinance 452 amended Ordinance 2712 stating among others, the power and functions of the governing body of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasay. On September 17, 1996, Ordinance 665 further amended ordinance 271 establishing Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasay as a public educational institution. It stated that, by virtue of the provisions of the Local Government Code of 1991, the function of the municipal corporation is a dual in nature in that, one is governmental and the other is proprietary, thus making the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasay, operated by the city Government of Pasay, government in character. It, therefore, justifies the charging of its operational and maintenance expenses to the Special Education Fund. It offers educational programs at different levels from primary and secondary education, college degrees and graduate school. Sampling Technique Non-Probability Sampling is the technique use for selection of group to be studied. The method also referred as a purposive sampling, the research subject in determining perception to Nursing Aptitude Test as basis of selective retention program which includes all level 1 nursing students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasay with regards to certain characteristics such as age, civil status and gender. Statistical Treatment The data gathered from the survey will be analyzed and interpreted through the computation of the following: a. Mean The mean (or average) of a set of data values is b. Weighted mean The weighted mean is a mean where there is some variation in the relative contribution of individual data values to the mean. Each data value (Xi) has a weight assigned to it (Wi).